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古代发生火灾,皇帝有什么过错和责任?

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公元231年,经历过清商殿大火后,青龙元年(233年)洛阳宫鞠室发生火灾,青龙二年(234年)崇华殿发生火灾,青龙三年(235年)崇华殿再次发生火灾。连续几场火灾,让魏明帝对此心生恐惧。

于是便在火灾发生后,召见高堂隆询问解决的办法。

高堂隆,字生平,泰山平阳(今山东新泰)人,是三国时期曹魏名臣,他善于占天象,博学多闻,一心为民,上疏劝谏,辅佐君主,是一代忠臣。

魏明帝与高堂隆对话图 中国消防博物馆藏

明帝与高堂隆的对话

在《三国志·魏书·高堂隆传》中有记载

内容如下

诏问隆:“此何咎?于礼,宁有祈禳之义乎?”

隆对曰:“夫灾变之发,皆所以明教戒也,惟率礼修德,可以胜之。”《易传》曰:“上不检,下不节,孽火烧其室。”又曰“君高其台,天火为灾。”

此人君苟饰宫室,不思百姓空竭,故天应之以旱,火从高殿起也。上天降鉴,故谴告陛下,陛下宜增崇人道,以答天意。

昔太戊有桑谷生于朝,武丁有雊雉登于鼎,皆闻灾恐惧,侧身修德,三年之后,远夷朝贡,故号之曰中宗、高宗。

此则前代之明鉴也。今案旧占,灾火之发,皆以台榭宫室为诫,然今宫室之所以充广者,实由宫人猥多之故。宜简择留淑懿,如周之制。罢省其余,此则祖已之所以训高宗,高宗之所以享远号也。

从对话的内容来看,“此何咎”的意思是火灾的发生,皇帝是有什么过错和责任吗?

那么为了安宁,按照“礼”的规定,有没有适合的祈福方法呢?

高堂隆认为,火灾的发生是为了让君“明教戒”,就是要明白这是上天的教导和训诫。因此,“惟率礼修德,可以胜之”。只有遵循道德礼法,提高自身的品德,火灾才是可以战胜的,也是可以预防的。

高堂隆又引经据典,反复强调:“人君只知道装饰宫殿,不顾老百姓空竭,孽火和天火就会烧到宫殿。”并提出了战胜火灾的方法是“增崇人道,以答天意”。

总结明帝与高堂隆的对话,整体还是延用董仲舒“天人感应”的哲学思想理念,但却是有了明显的进步和发展,其中“灾变之发,可以胜之”,与以往火灾只能看天意所为观点不同的是,明确提出了火灾是可以战胜的,为后世关于火灾的发生“不在天意,而在人为”的观点打下了基础。

转自:中国消防博物馆

来源:中国消防

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